Mar 25, 2017 - Biggie's posthumous second album stands the test of time as one of hip-hop's greatest, most idiosyncratic achievements.

• Biggie Smalls Album
• Best Notorious Big Verses
• Biggies Albums

I. Can You Just Visualize It?

On September 7, 1996, after exactly 109 seconds, Mike Tyson is declared the World Boxing Association’s heavyweight champion, stripping the belt from Bruce Seldon by technical knockout. If you watch that fight today, you see that Tyson doesn’t crouch, doesn’t bob, doesn’t weave. He stands straight up, backing Seldon into corners, sometimes without throwing punches of his own.

Seventy-two seconds in, Tyson—already the title holder in the World Boxing Council—has knocked down Seldon with a left hook; Seldon gets up, but is knocked down almost immediately by another left. The referee, Richard Steele, steps in and hands Tyson the victory. (A former Marine, Steele was 16-4 as a professional in his own right; he supports a disoriented Seldon on his shoulder.) The fans, who have paid hundreds of dollars to the MGM Grand Las Vegas for tickets, begin to taunt Seldon, chanting about how the fix is in.

Two of the ticket holders that night: Suge Knight and Tupac Shakur. On their way through the lobby, the pair get in a fight of their own, with a Crip named Orlando Anderson; shortly after, at 11:15 p.m., a white Cadillac pulls up beside Suge’s black BMW and opens fire, hitting Pac four times. Six days later, he dies in the hospital.

By the fall of 1996, the Notorious B.I.G. was weary. Just a few years earlier, his sessions for Ready to Die had been interrupted by trips to Raleigh, where he ran a modest but profitable drug trade; now he was used to yachts. Big absconded to Trinidad to write and record, supported by Bad Boy’s production team, the Hitmen, and by the cane he used after shattering his left leg in a car crash (“I used to be as strong as Ripple be/’til Lil Cease crippled me”). He was nearing completion on a sophomore album, tentatively called Life After Death… Til Death Do Us Part. It was slated for a Halloween release, but was pushed back due to a litany of issues: sample clearances, marketing rollouts, and so on.

'Life After Death' is the last dispatch from a master. Big perfected nearly every facet of rapping, and did it all before he turned 25. The breadth of his sophomore work is dizzying.

He wouldn’t live to add the finishing touches, but there were certainly some tweaks Big made between Pac’s death and his own. In 2003, Lil Cease told XXL that the album’s penultimate song, the RZA-produced “Long Kiss Goodnight,” originally opened with words about Tupac that were “terrible,” and which never saw the light of day. (In the same article, Puff strenuously denies that the monologue was directed at anyone in particular, but doesn’t offer an alternate explanation for why it was cut.) On “I Love the Dough,” Jay Z says “I’m in the fifteen-hundred seats, watching Tyson.”

The great irony is that, personal animus between Big and Pac aside, Life After Death—as it was ultimately titled—pokes fun at rap’s East-West divide, and at the genre’s posturing more broadly. He quips about looking up to Snoop Dogg and winked at the camera through his radio singles. He raps warmly about his love for Los Angeles—the city he was murdered in, on March 9, 1997, case still unsolved.

Life After Death is the last dispatch from a master. Big perfected nearly every facet of rapping, and did it all before he turned 25. The breadth of his sophomore work is dizzying. It’s massive, but not monolithic; Big indulges his fiercest, funniest, and outright weirdest impulses one by one. The sum total is a double album that can feel too short, real-time legacy building with stakes that would seem silly if we didn’t know how the story ended. In his final months, Christopher Wallace, b. 5/21/72, made the greatest rap record of all time.

In the mid- and late-1980s, hip-hop’s cultural and commercial ground was shifting so rapidly that it could be difficult to pin down. When Kurtis Blow and Whodini gave way to LL and BDP, the question of what it looked like to be a popular hip-hop artist got longer, more complicated. Life After Death was the first album to take as its subject the experience of being a rap star and all that it entails, from feuds to adulation to watching your life get litigated on daytime television.

See the very first verse on the album: Big begins by walking the listener through a murder plot, and right when you start to imagine that this is an alternate timeline where Chris Wallace never left Bed-Stuy, he blurs the line between art and life: “I’m a criminal—/Way before the rap shit/Bust a gat, shit, Puff won’t even know what happened/Ifit’s done smoothly.” So then what about kidnapping daughters on “Hypnotize,” sticking guns in jaws on “Last Day,” doing God-knows-what on “What’s Beef?”

The most obvious bit of professional one-upmanship is on “Kick in the Door,” which is essentially an extended taunt at Nas, Raekwon, and Ghostface, complete with a fourth wall-breaking jab at DJ Premier—who produced the song—for his work with Jeru the Damaja. On “One Day,” from Wrath of the Math, Jeru imagines hip-hop personified, tied up with a gun to its throat, having been kidnapped by Puff, and subsequently by Suge. (The joke is that Big recorded over Premier’s “Kick in the Door” beat despite Puff’s protestations.)

The most pointed barbs Big saved for Nas. On Only Built 4 Cuban Linx…, Ghost and Rae aimed the famous “Shark Niggas (Biters)” skit at Big partially on Nas’ behalf, the charge being that Ready to Die’s cover owed Illmatic for the rapper-as-child theme. Big made no bones about what he thought:

“MCs used to be on cruddy shit
Took home Ready to Die, listened, studied shit
Now they on some money shit, successful out the blue
They lightweight, fra-gil-e
My nine milli make the whites shake
That’s why my money never funny
And you still recouping, stupid.”

Not only was Big knocking Nas for adopting a mafioso personality on It Was Written—he was twisting the knife, apparently alluding to the rumors that Nas borrowed money to buy outfits for the Source Awards.

“Notorious Thugs” finds Big once again hyper-conscious of the expectations that came with Ready to Die’s success. Even the rift with Pac was framed as something outsiders constructed: “so-called beef with you-know-who.” Elsewhere on the album, he was qualifying radio songs (“Fuck You Tonight”) with ski mask songs (“Last Day”). On “Mo Money Mo Problems,” he merged the two, dodging DEA wiretaps with Diana Ross.

Then, of course, there’s “Going Back to Cali.” The intra-city squabbles (Nas rapping about snatching the crown off Biggie’s head) and dissolved friendships (Pac rapping about Faith) were one thing, but Big seemed to find the notion that he should turn on a whole coast ridiculous. In many ways, Life After Death embraces mythmaking, casting Big as a tragic figure too monstrous to be contained by a single disc. But he showed little patience for the paper-thin narratives that he read about in The Source. So you get him flipping LL’s original, dragging groupies to Fatburger, and ending the song, coyly, “Cali: great place to visit!”

III. Tito Smile Every Time He See Our Faces

The band on “Playa Hater” was hauled in from the Blue Angel, the strip club next door and down the stairs from the studio. “Another” sounds raw because Big and Lil Kim were really fighting. That’s Chuck D’s voice on “Ten Crack Commandments”—he sued Premier and Big’s estate after the fact.

Life After Death is ravenously ambitious, but only a few songs are universal in that broad, arena-filling way—the “Juicy” way. Big litters the record with tics, tangents, and inside jokes. (Slotting that “P.S.K.” interlude right before a massive, glossy single is a stroke of genius.) Big was able to run through these experiments—which could have ended up sloppy and disconnected—because at the time, he was essentially peerless as a rapper. The syllables all fell perfectly; he scowled, he rattled off technical passages effortlessly, he lapsed into patois.

Take “Niggas Bleed,” which contains so many of Big’s gifts in microcosm. In the song, he traces a heist from his own internal hemming and hawing (“I kill ‘em all, I’ll be set for life/Frank, pay attention, these motherfuckers is henchmen”) through its conclusion in a sprinkler-soaked hotel hallway. The details are unmistakable: His associate Ron is actually “Arizona Ron,” who drives a black Yukon, prefers the Isley Brothers, then “vanished/Came back speaking Spanish/Lavish habits/Two rings, twenty carats.” As the story unfolds, Big weaves in and out of different cadences, like the spot in the first verse (“They shady? We get shady…”) where he bumps each syllable further back in the measure. On top of that, there’s his biting wit: see the Constanzan “We blazed, they blazed, long story” or the fact that, for all the planning, all the threats, the plot is foiled because the thieves parked by a fire hydrant.

Big was also a wildly idiosyncratic storyteller. Toward the end of “Somebody’s Gotta Die,” he warns his co-conspirator, “See, niggas like you do 10-year bids/Miss the nigga they want, and murder innocent kids,” only to do exactly that himself at the song’s end.

What makes the record feel so three-dimensional is that Big never got jaded...The Big who marveled at his phone bill on “Juicy” didn’t wither up and die. He just bought better cufflinks.

In the way that Life After Death is a rap album about being a rap star, “I Got a Story To Tell” is a storytelling song about telling stories. The verses themselves are remarkable, but switching out of that syntax and re-telling it to his friends at the end of the song was one of Big’s sharpest creative decisions. The Knicks are 691-884 since the ‘96-’97 season.

What makes the record feel so three-dimensional—what makes even the gravest threats tolerable—is that Big never got jaded. “I Love the Dough” is a love letter to fame and fortune; Jay and Biggie hop private jets on a whim, weigh the merits of crab vs. lobster, lose money betting on the Lakers (“gassed off Shaq”) and shrug it all off. The Big who marveled at his phone bill on “Juicy” didn’t wither up and die. He just bought better cufflinks.

Of course Big obsessed over death. How couldn’t he? He lived through Reagan and Koch, and as soon as he got financially comfortable, would-be assailants lurked outside of every studio. And so the Dom and steaks and models and Benzes from “The World Is Filled…” are cut off by an anonymous phone call. “My Downfall.” “You wanna see me locked up, shot up?/Moms crouched up, over the casket, screaming ‘Bastard!’/Crying/Know my friends is lying.”

Ready to Die ended with a spiritual reckoning. Big pulled the trigger on himself. On Life After Death, he realized that his death didn’t belong merely to him: there are mourners, murderers, mythmakers to account for. You’re nobody til somebody kills you.

People will point to his album titles, to the last handful of songs, to any number of things to highlight Big’s morbidity. But tucked at the beginning of Life After Death’s second disc is “Miss U,” an elegy for two of his late friends. It’s a song about missing people, sure, but also missing the years you spent together. He raps about selling flour, dodging undercovers, sneaking into movie theaters. How was he supposed to know that the Lexus, LX, four-and-a-half would be suspended in time just the same?

After the funeral, Puff, D-Dot, and Stevie J. sat down to cook up an intro. Can you imagine that session? Of course, the guise is that Puff’s trying to revive Big from the bullet on “Suicidal Thoughts,” not the four from Fairfax and Wilshire. There’s something comforting about the glossy, melodramatic pleading: Big was probably looking down, begging Diddy to take the toothpick out of his mouth.

The line that’s truly chilling comes at the album’s brightest, most shimmering moment, on “Mo Money Mo Problems.” It’s when Puff says, “Nigga never home, gotta call me on the yacht/Ten years from now we’ll still be on top.”

The funeral procession moved on March 16 (“Hypnotize” rattled apartment windows, the police tensed up and pepper-sprayed mourners.) Life After Death came out nine days later; it sold nearly 700,000 copies in its first week. Murals went up, faded, were painted over and retraced. And you’re still recouping. Stupid.

Christopher George Latore Wallace (May 21, 1972 – March 9, 1997), known professionally as The Notorious B.I.G., Biggie Smalls, or Biggie,^[1] was an American rapper. He is widely considered to be one of the greatest rappers of all time.^[2]

Wallace was born and raised in the Brooklyn borough of New York City. His debut album Ready to Die (1994) made him a central figure in East Coast hip hop and increased New York City's visibility in the genre at a time when West Coast hip hop dominated the mainstream.^[3] The following year, he led Junior M.A.F.I.A.—a protégé group composed of his childhood friends—to chart success. In 1996, while recording his second album, Wallace was heavily involved in the growing East Coast–West Coast hip hop feud. On March 9, 1997, he was murdered by an unknown assailant in a drive-by shooting in Los Angeles. His second album, Life After Death (1997), released two weeks later, rose to No. 1 on the U.S. album charts. In 2000, it became one of the few hip-hop albums to be certified Diamond.^[4]

Wallace was noted for his 'loose, easy flow';^[5] dark, semi-autobiographical lyrics; and storytelling abilities, which focused on crime and hardship. Three more albums have been released since his death, and he has certified sales of over 17 million records in the United States,^[6] including 13.4 million albums.^[7]

• 1Life and career
• 4Musical style
• 5Legacy
• 6Discography
• 7Media

Life and career

1972–1991: Early life and arrests

Wallace was born at St. Mary's Hospital in the Brooklyn borough of New York City on May 21, 1972, the only child of Jamaican immigrant parents. His mother, Voletta Wallace, was a preschool teacher, while his father, Selwyn George Latore, was a welder and politician.^[8][9] His father left the family when Wallace was two years old, and his mother worked two jobs while raising him. Wallace grew up at 226 St. James Place in Brooklyn's Clinton Hill,^[10] near the border with Bedford-Stuyvesant.^[8][11] Wallace excelled at Queen of All Saints Middle School winning several awards as an English student. He was nicknamed 'Big' because he was overweight by the age of 10.^[12] Wallace said he started dealing drugs when he was around the age of 12. His mother, often away at work, did not know of his drug dealing until he was an adult.^[13] He began rapping as a teenager, entertaining people on the streets, and performed with local groups the Old Gold Brothers and the Techniques.^[3] At his request, Wallace transferred from Bishop Loughlin Memorial High School to George Westinghouse Career and Technical Education High School, where future rappers DMX, Jay-Z, and Busta Rhymes were also attending. According to his mother, Wallace was still a good student but developed a 'smart-ass' attitude at the new school.^[9] At age 17, Wallace dropped out of school and became more involved in crime. In 1989, he was arrested on weapons charges in Brooklyn and sentenced to five years' probation. In 1990, he was arrested on a violation of his probation.^[14] A year later, Wallace was arrested in North Carolina for dealing crack cocaine. He spent nine months in jail before making bail.^[13]

1991–1994: Early career and first child

After being released from jail, Wallace made a demo tape called 'Microphone Murderer', under the name Biggie Smalls, a reference to a character in the 1975 film Let's Do It Again as well as his stature; he stood at 6 feet 3 inches (1.91 m) and weighed 300 to 380 lb (140–170 kg) according to differing accounts.^[15] The tape was reportedly made with no serious intent of getting a recording deal. However, it was promoted by New York-based DJ Mister Cee, who had previously worked with Big Daddy Kane, and in 1992 it was heard by the editor of The Source.^[14] In March 1992, Wallace was featured in The Source's Unsigned Hype column, dedicated to aspiring rappers, and made a recording off the back of this success.^[16] The demo tape was heard by Uptown RecordsA&R and record producer Sean Combs, who arranged for a meeting with Wallace. He was signed to Uptown immediately and made an appearance on label mates Heavy D & the Boyz's 'A Buncha Niggas' (from the album Blue Funk).^[3][17] Soon after Wallace signed his recording contract, Combs was fired from Uptown and started a new label, Bad Boy Records.^[18] Wallace followed and signed to the label in mid-1992.^[19]

On August 8, 1993, Wallace's longtime girlfriend gave birth to his first child, T'yanna.^[19] Wallace had split with the girlfriend some time before T'yanna's birth.^[20] Despite having dropped out of high school himself, Wallace wanted his daughter to complete her education. He promised her 'everything she wanted', saying that if his mother had promised him the same he would have graduated at the top of his class.^[21] He continued selling drugs after the birth to support his daughter financially. Once Combs discovered this, he forced Wallace to quit.^[3] Later in the year, Wallace, recording as the Notorious B.I.G., gained exposure after featuring on a remix to Mary J. Blige's single 'Real Love'. He recorded under this name for the remainder of his career, after finding the original moniker 'Biggie Smalls' was already in use.^[22] 'Real Love' peaked at No. 7 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and was followed by a remix of Blige's 'What's the 411?'. He continued this success, to a lesser extent, on remixes with Neneh Cherry ('Buddy X') and reggae artist Super Cat ('Dolly My Baby', also featuring Combs) in 1993. In April 1993, his solo track, 'Party and Bullshit', appeared on the Who's the Man? soundtrack.^[23] In July 1994, he appeared alongside LL Cool J and Busta Rhymes on a remix to label mate Craig Mack's 'Flava in Ya Ear', which reached No. 9 on the Billboard Hot 100.^[24]

1994: Ready to Die and marriage to Faith Evans

On August 4, 1994, Wallace married R&B singer Faith Evans after they met at a Bad Boy photoshoot.^[25] Five days later, Wallace had his first pop chart success as a solo artist with double A-side, 'Juicy / Unbelievable', which reached No. 27 as the lead single to his debut album.^[26]

Ready to Die was released on September 13, 1994. It reached No. 13 on the Billboard 200 chart^[27] and was eventually certified four times Platinum.^[28] The album shifted attention back to East Coast hip hop at a time when West Coast hip hop dominated US charts.^[29] It gained strong reviews and has received much praise in retrospect.^[29][30] In addition to 'Juicy', the record produced two hit singles: the Platinum-selling 'Big Poppa', which reached No. 1 on the U.S. rap chart,^[5] and 'One More Chance', which sold 1.1 million copies in 1995.^[31][32]Busta Rhymes claimed to have seen Wallace giving out free copies of Ready to Die from his home, which Rhymes reasoned as 'his way of marketing himself'.^[33]

Around the time of the album's release, Wallace became friends with a fellow rapper named Tupac Shakur. Cousin Lil' Cease recalled the pair as close, often traveling together whenever they were not working. According to him, Wallace was a frequent guest at Shakur's home and they spent time together when Shakur was in California or Washington, D.C.^[34]Yukmouth, an Oakland emcee, claimed that Wallace's style was inspired by Shakur.^[35] Wallace also befriended basketball player Shaquille O'Neal. O'Neal said they were introduced during a listening session for 'Gimme the Loot'; Wallace mentioned him in the lyrics and thereby attracted O'Neal to his music. O'Neal requested a collaboration with Wallace, which resulted in the song 'You Can't Stop the Reign'. According to Combs, Wallace would not collaborate with 'anybody he didn't really respect' and that Wallace paid O'Neal his respect by 'shouting him out'.^[36] In 2015, Daz Dillinger, a frequent Shakur collaborator, said that he and Wallace were 'cool', with Wallace traveling to meet him to smoke cannabis and record two songs.^[37]

1995: Junior M.A.F.I.A., Conspiracy and coastal feud

In August 1995, Wallace's protégé group, Junior M.A.F.I.A. ('Junior Masters At Finding Intelligent Attitudes'), released their debut album Conspiracy. The group consisted of his friends from childhood and included rappers such as Lil' Kim and Lil' Cease, who went on to have solo careers.^[38] The record went Gold and its singles, 'Player's Anthem' and 'Get Money', both featuring Wallace, went Gold and Platinum. Wallace continued to work with R&B artists, collaborating with R&B groups 112 (on 'Only You') and Total (on 'Can't You See'), with both reaching the top 20 of the Hot 100. By the end of the year, Wallace was the top-selling male solo artist and rapper on the U.S. pop and R&B charts.^[3] In July 1995, he appeared on the cover of The Source with the caption 'The King of New York Takes Over', a reference to his Frank White alias from the 1990 film King of New York. At the Source Awards in August 1995, he was named Best New Artist (Solo), Lyricist of the Year, Live Performer of the Year, and his debut Album of the Year.^[39] At the Billboard Awards, he was Rap Artist of the Year.^[14]

In his year of success, Wallace became involved in a rivalry between the East and West Coast hip hop scenes with Shakur, now his former friend. In an interview with Vibe in April 1995, while serving time in Clinton Correctional Facility, Shakur accused Uptown Records' founder Andre Harrell, Sean Combs, and Wallace of having prior knowledge of a robbery that resulted in him being shot five times and losing thousands of dollars worth of jewelry on the night of November 30, 1994. Though Wallace and his entourage were in the same Manhattan-based recording studio at the time of the shooting, they denied the accusation.^[40] Wallace said: 'It just happened to be a coincidence that he [Shakur] was in the studio. He just, he couldn't really say who really had something to do with it at the time. So he just kinda' leaned the blame on me.'^[41] In 2012, a man named Dexter Isaac, serving a life sentence for unrelated crimes, claimed that he attacked Shakur that night and that the robbery was orchestrated by entertainment industry executive and former drug trafficker, James Rosemond.^[42]

Following his release from prison, Shakur signed to Death Row Records on October 15, 1995. This made Bad Boy Records and Death Row business rivals, and thus intensified the quarrel.^[43]

1996: Collaboration with Michael Jackson, more arrests, accusations regarding Shakur's death, and second child

Wallace began recording his second studio album in September 1995 over 18 months in New York City, Trinidad, and Los Angeles. The recording was interrupted by injury, legal disputes, and a highly publicized hip hop dispute.^[44] During this time, Wallace also worked with pop singer Michael Jackson on the album HIStory.^[45]Lil' Cease later claimed that Wallace refused requests to meet Jackson, citing that he did not 'trust Michael with kids' following the 1993 child sexual abuse allegations against Jackson.^[46]

On March 23, 1996, Wallace was arrested outside a Manhattan nightclub for chasing and threatening to kill two fans seeking autographs, smashing the windows of their taxicab, and punching one of them.^[14] He pleaded guilty to second-degree harassment and was sentenced to 100 hours of community service. In mid-1996, he was arrested at his home in Teaneck, New Jersey, for drug and weapons possession charges.^[14]

In June 1996, Shakur released 'Hit 'Em Up', a diss track in which he claimed to have had sex with Faith Evans, who was estranged from Wallace at the time, and that Wallace had copied his style and image. Wallace referenced the first claim on Jay-Z's 'Brooklyn's Finest', in which he raps: 'If Faye have twins, she'd probably have two 'Pacs. Get it? 2Pac's?' However, he did not directly respond to the track, stating in a 1997 radio interview that it was 'not [his] style' to respond.^[41]

Shakur was shot multiple times in a drive-by shooting in Las Vegas, Nevada, on September 7, 1996, and died six days later. Rumors of Wallace's involvement with Shakur's murder spread. In a 2002 Los Angeles Times series titled 'Who Killed Tupac Shakur?', based on police reports and multiple sources, Chuck Philips reported that the shooting was carried out by a Compton gang, the Southside Crips, to avenge a beating by Shakur hours earlier, and that Wallace had paid for the gun.^[47][48]Los Angeles Times editor Mark Duvoisin wrote that 'Philips' story has withstood all challenges to its accuracy, ... [and] remains the definitive account of the Shakur slaying.'^[49] Wallace's family denied the report,^[50] producing documents purporting to show that he was in New York and New Jersey at the time. However, The New York Times called the documents inconclusive, stating:

The pages purport to be three computer printouts from Daddy's House, indicating that Wallace was in the studio recording a song called Nasty Boy on the night Shakur was shot. They indicate that Wallace wrote half the session, was in and out/sat around and laid down a ref, shorthand for a reference vocal, the equivalent of a first take. But nothing indicates when the documents were created. And Louis Alfred, the recording engineer listed on the sheets, said in an interview that he remembered recording the song with Wallace in a late-night session, not during the day. He could not recall the date of the session but said it was likely not the night Shakur was shot. We would have heard about it, Mr. Alfred said.'^[51]

Evans remembered her husband calling her on the night of Shakur's death and crying from shock. She said: 'I think it's fair to say he was probably afraid, given everything that was going on at that time and all the hype that was put on this so-called beef that he didn't really have in his heart against anyone.' Wayne Barrow, Wallace's co-manager at the time, said Wallace was recording the track 'Nasty Girl' the night Shakur was shot.^[52] Shortly after Shakur's death, he met with Snoop Dogg, who claimed that Wallace played the song 'Somebody Gotta Die' for him, in which Snoop Dogg was mentioned, and declared he never hated Shakur.^[53]

On October 29, 1996, Evans gave birth to Wallace's son, Christopher 'C.J.' Wallace, Jr.^[19] The following month, Junior M.A.F.I.A. member Lil' Kim released her debut album, Hard Core, under Wallace's direction while the two were having a 'love affair'.^[3] Lil' Kim recalled being Wallace's 'biggest fan' and 'his pride and joy'.^[54] In a 2012 interview, Lil' Kim said Wallace had prevented her from making a remix of the Jodeci single 'Love U 4 Life' by locking her in a room. According to her, Wallace said that she was not 'gonna go do no song with them,'^[55] likely because of the group's affiliation with Tupac and Death Row Records.

1997: Life After Death and car accident

During the recording for his second album, Life After Death, Wallace and Lil' Cease were arrested for smoking marijuana in public and had their car repossessed. Wallace chose a Chevrolet Lumina rental car as a substitute, despite Lil' Cease's objections. The car had brake problems but Wallace dismissed them.^[56] The car collided with a rail, shattering Wallace's left leg and Lil' Cease's jaw. Wallace spent months in a hospital following the accident; he was temporarily confined to a wheelchair,^[3] forced to use a cane,^[40] and had to complete therapy. Despite his hospitalization, he continued to work on the album. The accident was referred to in the lyrics of 'Long Kiss Goodnight': 'Ya still tickle me, I used to be as strong as Ripple be / Til Lil' Cease crippled me.'^[57]

In January 1997, Wallace was ordered to pay US$41,000 in damages following an incident involving a friend of a concert promoter who claimed Wallace and his entourage beat him following a dispute in May 1995.^[58] He faced criminal assault charges for the incident, which remains unresolved, but all robbery charges were dropped.^[14] Following the events, Wallace spoke of a desire to focus on his 'peace of mind' and his family and friends.^[59]

Death

In February 1997, Wallace traveled to California to promote Life After Death and record a music video for its lead single, 'Hypnotize'. On March 5, 1997, he gave a radio interview with The Dog House on KYLD in San Francisco. In the interview he stated that he had hired a security detail since he feared for his safety; but that this was due to being a celebrity figure in general, not specifically because he was a rapper.^[60]

On March 8, 1997, Wallace presented an award to Toni Braxton at the 11th Annual Soul Train Music Awards in Los Angeles and was booed by some of the audience.^[40] After the ceremony, he attended an afterparty hosted by Vibe and Qwest Records at the Petersen Automotive Museum in Los Angeles.^[40] Guests included Evans, Aaliyah, Combs, and members of the Crips and Bloods gangs.^[12]

On March 9, 1997, at 12:30 a.m. (PST), after the fire department closed the party early due to overcrowding, Wallace left with his entourage in two GMC Suburbans to return to his hotel.^[61] He traveled in the front passenger seat alongside his associates, Damion 'D-Roc' Butler, Lil' Cease and driver Gregory 'G-Money' Young. Combs traveled in the other vehicle with three bodyguards. The two trucks were trailed by a Chevrolet Blazer carrying Bad Boy's director of security,^[12] Paul Offord.^[62]

By 12:45 a.m. (PST), the streets were crowded with people leaving the party. Wallace's truck stopped at a red light 50 yards (46 m) from the museum. A black Chevy Impala pulled up alongside Wallace's truck. The driver of the Impala, an African-American male dressed in a blue suit and bow tie, rolled down his window, drew a 9 mm blue-steel pistol and fired at the GMC Suburban. Four bullets hit Wallace. His entourage rushed him to Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, but he was pronounced dead at 1:15 a.m. (PST).^[12]

Wallace's funeral was held on March 18, 1997, at the Frank E. Campbell Funeral Chapel in Manhattan. There were among 350 mourners at the funeral, including Queen Latifah, Flava Flav, Mary J. Blige, Lil' Kim, Lil' Cease, Run–D.M.C., DJ Kool Herc, Treach from Naughty by Nature, Busta Rhymes, Salt-N-Pepa, DJ Spinderella, Foxy Brown, Sister Souljah and others. After the funeral, his body was cremated and the ashes were given to his family.^[63]

Posthumous releases

Sixteen days after his death, Wallace's double-disc second album was released as planned with the shortened title of Life After Death and hit No. 1 on the Billboard 200 charts, after making a premature appearance at No. 176 due to street-date violations. The record album featured a much wider range of guests and producers than its predecessor.^[64] It gained strong reviews and in 2000 was certified Diamond, the highest RIAA certification awarded to a solo hip hop album.

Its lead single, 'Hypnotize', was the last music video recording in which Wallace would participate. His biggest chart success was with its follow-up 'Mo Money Mo Problems', featuring Sean Combs (under the rap alias 'Puff Daddy') and Mase. Both singles reached No. 1 in the Hot 100, making Wallace the first artist to achieve this feat posthumously.^[3] The third single, 'Sky's The Limit', featuring the band 112, was noted for its use of children in the music video, directed by Spike Jonze, who were used to portray Wallace and his contemporaries, including Combs, Lil' Kim, and Busta Rhymes. Wallace was named Artist of the Year and 'Hypnotize' Single of the Year by Spin magazine in December 1997.^[65]

In mid-1997, Combs released his debut album, No Way Out, which featured Wallace on five songs, notably on the third single 'Victory'. The most prominent single from the record album was 'I'll Be Missing You', featuring Combs, Faith Evans and 112, which was dedicated to Wallace's memory. At the 1998 Grammy Awards, Life After Death and its first two singles received nominations in the rap category. The album award was won by Combs's No Way Out and 'I'll Be Missing You' won the award in the category of Best Rap Performance By A Duo Or Group in which 'Mo Money Mo Problems' was nominated.^[66]

In 1996, Wallace started putting together a hip hop supergroup, the Commission, which consisted himself, Jay-Z, Lil' Cease, Combs, and Charli Baltimore. The Commission was mentioned by Wallace in the lyrics of 'What's Beef' on Life After Death and 'Victory' from No Way Out, but a Commission album was never completed. A track on Duets: The Final Chapter, 'Whatchu Want (The Commission)', featuring Jay-Z, was based on the group.

In December 1999, Bad Boy released Born Again. The album consisted of previously unreleased material mixed with new guest appearances, including many artists Wallace had never collaborated with in his lifetime. It gained some positive reviews, but received criticism for its unlikely pairings; The Source describing it as 'compiling some of the most awkward collaborations of his career'.^[67] Nevertheless, the album sold 2 million copies. Wallace appeared on Michael Jackson's 2001 album, Invincible. Over the course of time, his vocals were heard on hit songs such as 'Foolish' and 'Realest Niggas' by Ashanti in 2002, and the song 'Runnin' (Dying to Live)' with Shakur the following year. In 2005, Duets: The Final Chapter continued the pattern started on Born Again, which was criticized for the lack of significant vocals by Wallace on some of its songs.^[68][69] Its lead single 'Nasty Girl' became Wallace's first UK No. 1 single. Combs and Voletta Wallace have stated the album will be the last release primarily featuring new material.^[70]

A duet album, The King & I, featuring Evans and Notorious B.I.G., was released on May 19, 2017, which largely contained previously unreleased music.^[71]

Musical style

Wallace mostly rapped on his songs in a deep tone described by Rolling Stone as a 'thick, jaunty grumble',^[72] which went deeper on Life After Death.^[73] He was often accompanied on songs with ad libs from Sean 'Puffy' Combs. In The Source's Unsigned Hype column, his style was described as 'cool, nasal, and filtered, to bless his own material'.^[74]

AllMusic describe Wallace as having 'a talent for piling multiple rhymes on top of one another in quick succession'.^[5]Time magazine wrote Wallace rapped with an ability to 'make multi-syllabic rhymes sound... smooth',^[30] while Krims describes Wallace's rhythmic style as 'effusive.'^[75] Before starting a verse, Wallace sometimes used onomatopoeicvocables to 'warm up' (for example 'uhhh' at the beginning of 'Hypnotize' and 'Big Poppa', and 'whaat' after certain rhymes in songs such as 'My Downfall').^[76]

Lateef of Latyrx notes that Wallace had, 'intense and complex flows',^[77]Fredro Starr of Onyx says, 'Biggie was a master of the flow',^[78] and Bishop Lamont states that Wallace mastered 'all the hemispheres of the music'.^[79] He also often used the single-line rhyme scheme to add variety and interest to his flow.^[77]Big Daddy Kane suggests that Wallace didn't need a large vocabulary to impress listeners – 'he just put his words together a slick way and it worked real good for him'.^[80] Wallace was known to compose lyrics in his head, rather than write them down on paper, in a similar way to Jay-Z.^[81][82]

Wallace would occasionally vary from his usual style. On 'Playa Hater' from his second album, he sang in a slow-falsetto.^[83] On his collaboration with Bone Thugs-n-Harmony, 'Notorious Thugs', he modified his style to match the rapid rhyme flow of the group.

Themes and lyrics

Wallace's lyrical topics and themes included mafioso tales ('Niggas Bleed'), his drug-dealing past ('10 Crack Commandments'), materialistic bragging ('Hypnotize'), as well as humor ('Just Playing (Dreams)'),^[84] and romance ('Me & My Bitch').^[84]Rolling Stone named Wallace in 2004 as 'one of the few young male songwriters in any pop style writing credible love songs'.^[73]

Guerilla Black, in the book How to Rap, describes how Wallace was able to both 'glorify the upper echelon'^[85] and '[make] you feel his struggle'.^[86] According to Touré of The New York Times in 1994, Wallace's lyrics '[mixed] autobiographical details about crime and violence with emotional honesty'.^[13] Marriott of The New York Times (in 1997) believed his lyrics were not strictly autobiographical and wrote he 'had a knack for exaggeration that increased sales'.^[14] Wallace described his debut as 'a big pie, with each slice indicating a different point in my life involving bitches and niggaz... from the beginning to the end'.^[87]

Ready to Die is described by Rolling Stone as a contrast of 'bleak' street visions and being 'full of high-spirited fun, bringing the pleasure principle back to hip-hop'.^[73]AllMusic write of 'a sense of doom' in some of his songs and the NY Times note some being 'laced with paranoia';^[5][88] Wallace described himself as feeling 'broke and depressed' when he made his debut.^[88] The final song on the album, 'Suicidal Thoughts', featured Wallace contemplating suicide and concluded with him committing the act.

On Life After Death, Wallace's lyrics went 'deeper'.^[73] Krims explains how upbeat, dance-oriented tracks (which featured less heavily on his debut) alternate with 'reality rap' songs on the record and suggests that he was 'going pimp' through some of the lyrical topics of the former.^[75]XXL magazine wrote that Wallace 'revamped his image' through the portrayal of himself between the albums, going from 'midlevel hustler' on his debut to 'drug lord'.^[89]

AllMusic wrote that the success of Ready to Die is 'mostly due to Wallace's skill as a storyteller';^[5] in 1994, Rolling Stone described Wallace's ability in this technique as painting 'a sonic picture so vibrant that you're transported right to the scene'.^[29] On Life After Death, Wallace notably demonstrated this skill on 'I Got a Story to Tell', creating a story as a rap for the first half of the song and then retelling the same story 'for his boys' in conversation form.^[83]

Legacy

Considered one of the best rappers of all time, Wallace was described by AllMusic as 'the savior of East Coast hip-hop'.^[3]The Source magazine named Wallace the greatest rapper of all time in its 150th issue in 2002.^[90][91] In 2003, when XXL magazine asked several hip hop artists to list their five favorite MCs, Wallace's name appeared on more rappers' lists than anyone else. In 2006, MTV ranked him at No. 3 on their list of The Greatest MCs of All Time, calling him possibly 'the most skillful ever on the mic'.^[92] Editors of About.com ranked him No. 3 on their list of the Top 50 MCs of Our Time (1987–2007).^[93] In 2012, The Source ranked him No. 3 on their list of the Top 50 Lyrical Leaders of all time.^[94]Rolling Stone has referred to him as the 'greatest rapper that ever lived'.^[95] In 2015, Billboard named Wallace as the greatest rapper of all time.^[2]

Since his death, Wallace's lyrics have been sampled and quoted by a variety of hip hop, R&B and pop artists including Jay-Z, 50 Cent, Alicia Keys, Fat Joe, Nelly, Ja Rule, Eminem, Lil Wayne, Game, Clinton Sparks, Michael Jackson and Usher. On August 28, 2005, at the 2005 MTV Video Music Awards, Sean Combs (then using the rap alias 'P. Diddy') and Snoop Dogg paid tribute to Wallace: an orchestra played while the vocals from 'Juicy' and 'Warning' played on the arena speakers.^[96] In September 2005, VH1 held its second annual 'Hip Hop Honors', with a tribute to Wallace headlining the show.^[97]

Wallace had begun to promote a clothing line called Brooklyn Mint, which was to produce plus-sized clothing but fell dormant after he died. In 2004, his managers, Mark Pitts and Wayne Barrow, launched the clothing line, with help from Jay-Z, selling T-shirts with images of Wallace on them. A portion of the proceeds go to the Christopher Wallace Foundation and to Jay-Z's Shawn Carter Scholarship Foundation.^[98] In 2005, Voletta Wallace hired branding and licensing agency Wicked Cow Entertainment to guide the estate's licensing efforts.^[99] Wallace-branded products on the market include action figures, blankets, and cell phone content.^[100]

The Christopher Wallace Memorial Foundation holds an annual black-tie dinner ('B.I.G. Night Out') to raise funds for children's school equipment and to honor Wallace's memory. For this particular event, because it is a children's schools' charity, 'B.I.G.' is also said to stand for 'Books Instead of Guns'.^[101]

There is a large portrait mural of Wallace as Mao Zedong on Fulton Street in Brooklyn a half-mile west from Wallace's old block.^[102] A fan petitioned to have the corner of Fulton Street and St. James Place, near Wallace's childhood home renamed in his honor, garnering support from local businesses and attracting more than 560 signatures.^[102]

A large portrait of Wallace features prominently in the Netflix series Luke Cage, due to the fact that he served as muse for the creation of the Marvel Cinematic Universe's version of Marvel Comics character Cornell 'Cottonmouth' Stokes.

Biopic

Notorious is a 2009 biographical film about Wallace and his life that stars rapper Jamal Woolard as Wallace. The film was directed by George Tillman Jr. and distributed by Fox Searchlight Pictures. Producers included Sean Combs, Wallace's former managers Wayne Barrow and Mark Pitts, as well as Voletta Wallace.^[103] On January 16, 2009, the movie's debut at the Grand 18 theater in Greensboro, North Carolina was postponed after a man was shot in the parking lot before the show.^[104] The film received mixed reviews and grossed over $44 million worldwide.^[105][106]

In early October 2007, open casting calls for the role of Wallace began.^[107] Actors, rappers and unknowns all tried out. Beanie Sigel auditioned^[108] for the role, but was not picked. Sean Kingston claimed that he would play the role of Wallace, but producers denied it.^[109] Eventually, it was announced that rapper Jamal Woolard was chosen to play Wallace^[110] while Wallace's son, Christopher Wallace Jr. was cast to play Wallace as a child.^[111] Other cast members include Angela Bassett as Voletta Wallace, Derek Luke as Sean Combs, Antonique Smith as Faith Evans, Naturi Naughton as Lil' Kim, and Anthony Mackie as Tupac Shakur.^[112] Bad Boy also released a soundtrack album to the film on January 13, 2009; the album contains many of Wallace's hit singles, including 'Hypnotize' and 'Juicy', as well as rarities.^[113]

Biggie Smalls Album

Discography

Studio albums

• Ready to Die (1994)
• Life After Death (1997)

Collaboration albums

• Conspiracywith Junior M.A.F.I.A. (1995)

Posthumous studio albums

• Born Again (1999)
• Duets: The Final Chapter (2005)

Posthumous collaboration albums

• The King & Iwith Faith Evans (2017)

Media

Filmography

• The Show (1995) as himself
• Rhyme & Reason (1997 documentary) as himself
• Biggie & Tupac (2002 documentary) archive footage
• Tupac Resurrection (2004) archive footage
• Notorious B.I.G. Bigger Than Life (2007 documentary) archive footage
• Notorious (2009) archive footage
• All Eyez on Me (2017) archive footage

Television appearances

• New York Undercover (1995) as himself
• Martin (1995) as himself
• Who Shot Biggie & Tupac? (2017)
• Unsolved (2018)

Awards and nominations

Best Notorious Big Verses

References

1. ^Notorious B.I.G: In His Own Words, And Those of His FriendsArchived March 11, 2007, at the Wayback Machine (March 7, 2007). MTV News. Retrieved March 11, 2007.
2. ^ ^abThe 10 Greatest Rappers of All Time (November 12, 2015), Billboard.com; retrieved November 15, 2015.
3. ^ ^abcdefghiHuey, Steve. 'Notorious B.I.G. > Biography'. AllMusic. Retrieved October 7, 2006.
4. ^'Top 100 Albums'. RIAA. May 4, 2006. Archived from the original on December 21, 2006. Retrieved December 7, 2006.
5. ^ ^abcdeHuey, Steve. 'Ready to Die > Overview'. AllMusic. Retrieved October 7, 2006.
6. ^'Top Selling Artists'. RIAA. Retrieved May 3, 2013.
7. ^'The Notorious B.I.G. Scores Fifth Million-Selling Album'. February 16, 2018.
8. ^ ^abLang, Holly (2007). The Notorious B.I.G: A Biography. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 1–2. ISBN978-0-313-34156-4.
9. ^ ^abCoker, Cheo H. (March 8, 2005). 'Excerpt: Unbelievable – The Life, Death, and Afterlife of The Notorious B.I.G.'Vibe. Archived from the original on February 16, 2009.
10. ^Franklin, Marcus (January 17, 2009). 'Much change in Biggie Smalls' neighborhood'. The Insider. Associated Press. Archived from the original on February 12, 2010. Retrieved October 10, 2010.
11. ^'Biggie's 'One-Room Shack' in Bed-Stuy Now up for Sale'. Bed-stuy.patch.com. April 3, 2013. Retrieved December 31, 2013.
12. ^ ^abcdSullivan, Randall (December 5, 2005). 'The Unsolved Mystery of the Notorious B.I.G.'Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on April 29, 2009. Retrieved October 7, 2006.
13. ^ ^abcTouré (December 18, 1994). 'Pop Music; Biggie Smalls, Rap's Man of the Moment'The New York Times; retrieved March 26, 2008.
14. ^ ^abcdefgMarriott, Michel (March 17, 1997). 'The Short Life of a Rap Star, Shadowed by Many Troubles'. The New York Times. Retrieved March 26, 2008.
15. ^'Police May Release Sketch of Biggie Gunman'. MTV.com. MTV News. March 11, 1997. Retrieved December 23, 2006.
16. ^'Notorious BIG Photos – Biography'. Atlantic Records. Archived from the original on July 5, 2008. Retrieved November 30, 2006.
17. ^Swihart, Stanton. 'Blue Funk > Overview'. AllMusic. Retrieved October 6, 2006.
18. ^Duncan, Andrea et al.The Making of Ready to Die:Family Business. XXL, March 9, 2006. Retrieved March 18, 2007
19. ^ ^abcHeller, Corinne (March 9, 2012). 'Notorious B.I.G.'s daughter makes radio debut on 15th anniversary of his death'. KABC-TV. Archived from the original on February 23, 2014. Retrieved June 3, 2018.
20. ^Lang, Holly (2007). The Notorious B.I.G.: A Biography. Greenwood. p. 16. ISBN978-0-313-34156-4.
21. ^'The Notorious B.I.G. releases his autobiographical debut 'Ready to Die.''. Rolling Stone. June 1, 1995.
22. ^Scott, Cathy (2000). The Murder of Biggie Smalls. New York City: St. Martin's Press. p. 31. ISBN978-0-312-26620-2.
23. ^Who's the Man? (Original Soundtrack) at AllMusic
24. ^'Craig Mack – Chart history'. Billboard. Retrieved May 3, 2013.
25. ^Chappell, Kevin (April 1999). 'After Biggie: Faith Evans has a new love, a new baby, a new career – singer'. Ebony.
26. ^'The Notorious B.I.G. – Awards'. AllMusic. Retrieved May 3, 2013.
27. ^'Artist Chart History'. Billboard.com. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved October 7, 2006.
28. ^'RIAA searchable database'. RIAA. Archived from the original on October 15, 2006. Retrieved October 7, 2006.
29. ^ ^abcReady to Die (Explicit)Tower Records (Muze data). Retrieved December 10, 2006.
30. ^ ^abTyrangiel, Josh (November 13, 2006). 'The All-TIME Albums'Time. Retrieved December 10, 2006.
31. ^'American certifications – Notorious B.I.G. – One More Change'. Recording Industry Association of America.
32. ^'Best-Selling Records of 1995'. Billboard. Vol. 108 no. 3. BPI Communications. January 20, 1996. p. 56. ISSN0006-2510. Retrieved May 5, 2015.
33. ^'Busta Rhymes Couldn't Believe It When He Saw Biggie Giving Away Copies of Ready to Die'. egotripland.com. September 14, 2012. Archived from the original on April 10, 2015.
34. ^Ziegbe, Mawuse (June 16, 2010). 'Tupac And Biggie Probably Celebrated Birthdays Together, Lil' Cease Says'. MTV.
35. ^Kyles, Yohance (January 19, 2015). 'Yukmouth Talks Tupac's Impact On Hip Hop; Says Pac Influenced Biggie's Style'. allhiphop.com.
36. ^Muhammad, Latifah (March 8, 2011). 'Shaq Remembers Friendship with Notorious B.I.G.' The Boombox.
37. ^Harris, Christopher (April 25, 2015). 'Daz Dillinger Details Recording With The Notorious B.I.G.'HipHopDX.com.
38. ^Lane, Hai, Lydia Junior M.A.F.I.A. Biography AllMusic. Retrieved February 18, 2007.
39. ^'The Source Hip-Hop Music Awards 1995'. The 411 online. Archived from the original on November 19, 2006. Retrieved December 7, 2006.
40. ^ ^abcdBruno, Anthony The Murders of gangsta rappers Tupac Shakur and Notorious B.I.G.Archived April 7, 2007, at the Wayback MachineCourt TV Crime Library. Retrieved January 24, 2007.
41. ^ ^ab'Notorious B.I.G.'MTV.com. KYLD. Archived from the original(transcript of his last interview) on September 23, 2003.
42. ^'Convicted Killer Confesses to Shooting West Coast Rapper Tupac Shakur'. The Baltimore Sun. July 13, 2012. Archived from the original on August 29, 2012. Retrieved August 21, 2012.
43. ^Carney, Thomas. Live from Death Row. PBS.org. Frontline. WGBH-TV. Retrieved December 9, 2006.
44. ^Caramanica, Jon et al. (April 2003). 'The Making of Life After Death: Many Men'. XXL. Retrieved January 6, 2007.
45. ^The Notorious B.I.G. – Bio. Billboard. Retrieved October 29, 2010.
46. ^Ortiz, Edwin (October 1, 2013). 'Lil Cease Says The Notorious B.I.G. Wouldn't Let Him into Michael Jackson Recording Session'. Complex.
47. ^Philips, Chuck (September 6, 2002). 'Who Killed Tupac Shakur?'. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 15, 2012.
48. ^Philips, Chuck (September 7, 2002). 'How Vegas police probe floundered in Tupac Shakur case'. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 23, 2012.
49. ^Duvoisin, Mark (January 12, 2006). 'L.A. Times Responds to Biggie Story'. Rolling Stone. Retrieved September 19, 2013.
50. ^Silveran, Stephen M. (September 9, 2002). 'B.I.G. Family Denies Tupac Murder Claim'. People. Retrieved July 23, 2012.
51. ^Leland, John (October 7, 2002). 'New Theories Stir Speculation On Rap Deaths'. New York Times. Retrieved September 30, 2013.
52. ^Reid, Shaheem (September 10, 2002). 'Faith Evans Says Biggie Cried When He Heard Tupac Was Shot'. MTV.
53. ^'Snoop Dogg Discusses Conflict with 2Pac and Friendship with Biggie'. May 14, 2013.
54. ^Markman, Rob (March 9, 2012). 'Notorious B.I.G. Would Have Worked With Kanye West, Lil' Kim Says'. MTV.
55. ^Markman, Rob (March 15, 2012). 'Notorious B.I.G. 'Locked' Lil' Kim In A Room To Prevent Jodeci Collabo'. MTV.com.
56. ^Nelson, Jr., Keith (October 2, 2013). 'EXCLUSIVE: Lil Cease Tells The Story Of How He Crippled The Notorious B.I.G. (VIDEO)'. allhiphop.com.
57. ^Harling, Danielle (February 9, 2015). 'Lil Cease Says The Notorious B.I.G. Wrote A Portion Of 'Life After Death' While Hospitalized'. HipHopDx.
58. ^'Notorious B.I.G. Loses Lawsuit'. MTV.com. MTV News. January 27, 1997. Retrieved December 23, 2006.
59. ^Brown, Jake (May 24, 2004). Ready to Die: The Story of Biggie Smalls Notorious B.I.G. Colossus Books. p. 122. ISBN978-0-9749779-3-5.
60. ^'Biggie Told Interviewer He Worried About Safety'. MTV News. March 12, 1997. Retrieved May 6, 2008.
61. ^Purdum, Todd S. (March 10, 1997). 'Rapper Is Shot to Death in Echo of Killing 6 Months Ago'. The New York Times. New York Times. Retrieved February 23, 2009.
62. ^Sullivan, Randall (2013) [2002]. LAbyrinth: A Detective Investigates the Murders of Tupac Shakur and Notorious B.I.G. (Digital ed.). Canongate. Chapter Six. ISBN9781782114109.
63. ^'Biggie's body is carried through his Brooklyn home, passing thousands of fans in 1997', NY Daily News, March 19, 1997.
64. ^Birchmeier, Jason Life After Death reviewAllMusic. Retrieved January 8, 2007.
65. ^'B.I.G. Gets Props from Spin'. Rolling Stone. December 7, 1997. Archived from the original on August 17, 2007. Retrieved December 26, 2006.
66. ^'1998 Grammy Awards – Rap music winners'. CNN. 1998. Archived from the original on August 23, 2000. Retrieved December 7, 2012.
67. ^Born AgainTower Records (Muze data). Retrieved December 10, 2006.
68. ^'Duets: The Final Chapter Music Review'. Rolling Stone. January 12, 2006. Archived from the original on July 16, 2007. Retrieved December 10, 2006.
69. ^Duets: The Final Chapter > OverviewAllMusic. Retrieved December 10, 2006.
70. ^Egere-Cooper, Matilda (January 27, 2006). 'Notorious B.I.G.: an album too far?'. The Independent. Retrieved December 19, 2012.
71. ^May 19, 2017: Release of 'The King and I'
72. ^'Life After Death review'. Rolling Stone. December 7, 1997. Archived from the original on February 20, 2007. Retrieved January 7, 2007.
73. ^ ^abcd'Notorious B.I.G.:Biography'. Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on February 16, 2006. Retrieved December 26, 2006.
74. ^'Biggie Smalls Unsigned Hype'. The Source. Archived from the original on February 4, 2013. Retrieved December 28, 2012.
75. ^ ^abKrims, Adam (2000). Rap Music and the Poetics of Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 85. ISBN978-0-521-63447-2.
76. ^Smith, William E. (2005). Hip-hop as Performance and Ritual: Biography and Ethnography in Underground Hip Hop. Trafford Publishing. p. 163. ISBN978-1-4120-5394-5.
77. ^ ^abEdwards, Paul, 2009, How to Rap: The Art & Science of the Hip-Hop MC, Chicago Review Press, p. 100.
78. ^Edwards, Paul, 2009, How to Rap: The Art & Science of the Hip-Hop MC, Chicago Review Press, p. 112.
79. ^Edwards, Paul, 2009, How to Rap: The Art & Science of the Hip-Hop MC, Chicago Review Press, p. x.
80. ^Edwards, Paul, 2009, How to Rap: The Art & Science of the Hip-Hop MC, Chicago Review Press, p. 53.
81. ^Edwards, Paul, 2009, How to Rap: The Art & Science of the Hip-Hop MC, Chicago Review Press, p. 144.
82. ^Andrea Duncan (March 9, 2006). The Making of Ready to Die: Family BusinessXXL. Retrieved March 18, 2008.
83. ^ ^abChristgau, Robert Life After Death reviewConsumer Guide Reviews. Retrieved January 7, 2007.
84. ^ ^abNotorious B.I.G.: Still the IllestArchived December 13, 2006, at the Wayback Machine. MTV. Retrieved December 26, 2006.
85. ^Edwards, Paul, 2009, How to Rap: The Art & Science of the Hip-Hop MC, Chicago Review Press, p. 14.
86. ^Edwards, Paul, 2009, How to Rap: The Art & Science of the Hip-Hop MC, Chicago Review Press, p. 44.
87. ^Brown, Jake (May 24, 2004). Ready to Die: The Story of Biggie Smalls Notorious B.I.G. Colossus Books. p. 66. ISBN978-0-9749779-3-5.
88. ^ ^abPareles, Jon (March 10, 1997). 'Rapping, Living and Dying a Gangsta Life'. The New York Times. Retrieved March 26, 2008.
89. ^Ex, Kris (November 6, 2006). 'The History of Cocaine Rap:All White'. XXL magazine. Retrieved February 10, 2007.
90. ^Osorio, Kim (March 2002). 'Biggie Smalls Is The Illest'. The Source.
91. ^'Music Profiles – The Notorious B.I.G.'BBC News Online. Archived from the original on June 11, 2007. Retrieved January 27, 2007.
92. ^The Greatest MCs of All TimeArchived July 27, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. MTV. Retrieved December 26, 2006.
93. ^'50 Greatest Rappers of All Time – The 50 Greatest MCs of All Time'. Rap.about.com. Retrieved January 4, 2017.
94. ^Blue, Johny (July 2012). 'Top 50 Lyrical Leaders: 3. The Notorious B.I.G.'. The Source. New York City: L. Londell McMillan.
95. ^'Notorious B.I.G., 'Juicy''. The 50 Greatest Hip-Hop Songs of All Time. Rolling Stone. December 5, 2012. Retrieved September 9, 2013.
96. ^Moss, Corey (August 25, 2005). 'Green Day Clean Up, Kelly Clarkson Gets Wet, 50 Rips Into Fat Joe At VMAs'. MTV News. Retrieved February 27, 2007.
97. ^'VH1 to give Notorious B.I.G. Hip Hop Honors' (June 25, 2005). Associated Press. Retrieved February 17, 2006.
98. ^Strong, Nolan (February 8, 2005). 'B.I.G.'s Brooklyn Mint Clothing Line Debuts, Jay-Z Gets Down'. AllHipHop. Retrieved September 7, 2007.
99. ^The Licensing Letter (July 17, 2006). 'Properties Available for Licensing'. EPM.
100. ^Wolfe, Roman (June 22, 2006). 'Limited Action Figures of B.I.G., Public Enemy Coming This Fall'. AllHipHop. Retrieved September 7, 2007.
101. ^Reid, Shaheem; Calloway, Sway (March 21, 2003). 'Biggie, Jam Master Jay, Left Eye and Their Mothers Honored at B.I.G. Night Out'. MTV News. Retrieved August 1, 2006.
102. ^ ^abStewart, Henry. 'Should We Name a Street After Biggie?'.
103. ^Director Selected for Biggie Biopic, Diddy to Executive ProduceArchived January 18, 2008, at the Wayback MachineXXL (August 13, 2007). Retrieved November 28, 2007.
104. ^'Shooting erupts at Notorious movie'. Greensboro News & Record. January 16, 2009. Retrieved September 12, 2016.
105. ^'Notorious (2009)'. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved April 18, 2013.
106. ^Notorious Movie Reviews, Pictures. Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2015-05-18.
107. ^Melena Ryzik (October 8, 2007) Dreaming Big About Acting BigThe New York Times. Retrieved November 28, 2007.
108. ^Beanie Sigel Auditions for Role of Biggie Smalls in New BiopicArchived January 18, 2008, at the Wayback Machine (October 3, 2007). XXL. Retrieved November 28, 2007.
109. ^'Sean Kingston: Big, But Not B.I.G.'Vibe. August 30, 2007. Archived from the original on November 5, 2007. Retrieved November 28, 2007.
110. ^Brooklyn Rapper Gravy to Play Biggie in Upcoming BiopicArchived March 10, 2008, at the Wayback Machine (March 6, 2008). XXL. Retrieved November 28, 2007.
111. ^Wallace, Voletta, 'Christopher Wallace Jr.'. Interview Magazine. Retrieved November 24, 2010.
112. ^Gravy for BiggieArchived March 10, 2008, at the Wayback Machine (March 6, 2008). Joblo.com. Retrieved March 6, 2008.
113. ^Reid, Shaheem (December 3, 2008). ''Notorious' Soundtrack Details Revealed: Features Jay-Z, Jadakiss, Faith Evans, Biggie's Son'. MTV News. Retrieved December 27, 2008.

Further reading

• Coker, Cheo Hodari (2004). Unbelievable: The Life, Death, and Afterlife of the Notorious B.I.G. New York: Three Rivers Press. ISBN978-0-609-80835-1.
• Wallace, Voletta; McKenzie, Tremell; Evans, Faith (foreword) (2005). Biggie: Voletta Wallace Remembers Her Son, Christopher Wallace, aka Notorious B.I.G. Atria. ISBN978-0-7434-7020-9.

External links

• The Notorious B.I.G. at MTV
• 'The Notorious B.I.G. collected news and commentary'. The New York Times.
• The Notorious B.I.G. on IMDb
• The Notorious B.I.G. at Find a Grave
• FBI Records: The Vault – Christopher (Biggie Smalls) Wallace at vault.fbi.gov

Biggies Albums